IBA Healthcare and Life Sciences Law Committee survey on healthcare financing and reimbursement - 2025

The IBA Healthcare and Life Sciences Law Committee has put together a legal guide that comprises a global review of major topics and trends concerning healthcare financing and reimbursement across more than 50 countries. This guide aims to provide practitioners and industry professionals with a comprehensive overview of the healthcare financial ecosystem of different countries around the globe, as well as straightforward access to the most relevant rules and regulations. Each country's section contains a bird’s-eye view on the healthcare economy, with a description of the role of the government and private actors, the legal framework regarding healthcare financing and reimbursement, key regulators, access to healthcare services, pharmaceuticals and medical devices and respective insurance coverage, litigation concerning healthcare financing and reimbursement as well as recent developments and trends.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to all participants for their invaluable contributions. Each country section identifies its author(s), who can be reached for further questions or suggestions regarding the laws in any specific country.

Lastly, please remember that this guide does not offer legal advice and should not be used as a substitute for professional legal consultation.

Editors:

Markus Schott

Renata Fialho de Oliveira

Reviewers:

Alan Adcock

Christina Sochacki

Charlotte Tillet

Elisa Stefanini

Elsan Sevi Bozoglu

Ignazio Gillmore

Julie Oppenheim

Tomás Cihula

Argentina Ana Andrés, Beccar Varela and Martín J Mosteirin	Australia Alison Choy Flannigan	Austria Maren Jergolla-Wagner, Wolf Theiss and Harald Strahberger	Belgium Stéphanie De Smedt and Stephanie Van Laethem
Bolivia Carolina Aguirre and Cristian Molina	Brazil Anderson Ribeiro, Luciana Sakamoto, Lucas Calabria, Maria Luísa Matos, Bernadete de Figueiredo Dias, André Lins and Nylton Scicchitano	Bulgaria Kalina Tchakarova and Sofia Lefterova	Canada Anna Marrison, Donna Spagnolo, Ben Fuhrmann and Roya Shidfar
Chile Andrea Abascal Marín and Andrés Sepúlveda Matteo	China Frank Zhou and Junqi He	Colombia Ana Maria Castro, Daniel Cardona and Paula Romero	Costa Rica Andrea Vargas and Giselle Reuben
Cyprus Munevver Kasif and Eleni Neoptolemou	Czech Republic Tomáš Čihula and Simona Semanová	Denmark Martin Dræbye Gantzhorn and Kalle Pedersen Schelde	Dominican Republic Mary Fernández and Gabriella Villanueva
Ecuador Karina Loza Santillán and Melissa García	El Salvador Sofia Quezada, Fernando Farrar and Luis Vega	Estonia Ingeri Luik-Tamme	Finland Leena Lindberg and Jonni Tiainen
France Cécile Théard-Jallu, Thomas Vaseux and Kevin Ishac	Germany Katharina Wodarz, Nadine Hartung and Nils Beckmann	Greece Nora Vafeiadou, Ioannis Arvanitis and Chrysoula Moldovanidi	Ghana Amina Kaguah and Patricia Mumuni
Guatemala Daniela Meza and Luis F Ruiz	Honduras Fernando Godoy	Iceland Helga Melkorka Óttarsdóttir	Indonesia Kaila Arinta Nazneen and Maria Herminia Sagrado
Ireland Colin Kavanagh, Bridget Clinton, Orla Clayton, Robert Byrne, Aoibhín Ní Dhubháin and Brónach Rafferty	Israel Sharon Gazit, Judy Amidor, Lennie Zivoni and Alexander Vatrunin	Italy Elisa Stefanini, Denise Moretti and Claudio Todisco	Japan Yo Uraoka, Yurika Inoue, and Yuma Nishioka
Kenya Duane Wekesa and Mahesh Acharya	Latvia Andra Rubene and Zane Sklamina	Lithuania Dovydas Gudžiūnas	Malta Steve Decesare and Alexia Valenzia
Malaysia Timothy Siaw and Hon Yee Neng	Mexico Julio J. Copo Terres, Luise Boes Reyes and María del Carmen Hernández Aguilar	Namibia Karin Malherbe and Lelan Beukes	The Netherlands Nicole Kien and Claudia de Geus
Nicaragua Roger Pérez and Jeynner Gutiérrez	Norway Marie Vaale-Hallberg, Ingvild Hanssen-Bauer and Jacob Friis Gottrup	Panama Cristina Lewis, Raysa De Gracia, Jose Manuel Motta and Santiago de la Guardia	Paraguay Giulianno Buisines and Manuel Arias
Peru Omar Cordova, Sabrina Montoya and Solange Noriega	Philippines Gwyneth S. Ong, Anna Loraine M. Mendoza and Jaime S. Fernandez	Poland Joanna Krakowiak and Natalia Nieróbca	Portugal Manuel Durães Rocha
Puerto Rico Eliseo Roques and Jose J. Fas	Singapore Benjamin Gaw and Tony Yeo	South Africa David Geral, Julie Oppenheim, Robyn Culverwell, Mangi Malada and Sarah Longdon	Spain Lluís Alcover, Joan Carles Bailach and Claudia Gonzalo
Sweden Camilla Appelgren, Emmie Montgomery and Michaela Fischerström	Switzerland Markus Schott and Julia Stempfel	Thailand Alan Adcock and Areeya Yongnusornvanich	Turkey Elvan Sevi Bozoglu
UK Gustaf Duhs and George Harrington	Uruguay Ignacio Torres Negreira	United States David Ault and Belen Best	Vietnam Chuyen Hong Huu Le, Vu Thi Thu Hien, Mai Thi Le and Thao Thi Bui

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