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China's regulation of artificial intelligence – progress and challenges

Artificial intelligence (AI) is developing rapidly in China, with the number of patents and the size of the market both ranking highly among countries. However, this rapid development has posed new challenges to the legal framework, ethical norms and social governance, prompting China to continuously adjust and improve the relevant regulatory system.

China’s restrictions on cross-border transfer of personal information: an update on regulatory policy and practical implications

This article will outline the development of China’s restrictions on the cross-border transfer of personal information (PI export), detailing PI export mechanisms provided by the Personal Information Protection Law. It will also explain the practical implications of the restrictions.

A Brief Discussion on the Implications, Regulation and Prospects of AI in Dispute Resolution Practice with a Focus on China

China’s Foreign State Immunity Law 2023: Implications for Enforcement of Judgments and Arbitral Awards against States and State Entities in the People’s Republic of China, Hong Kong, and Macau

The new Foreign State Immunity Law 2023 of the People’s Republic of China came into force on 1 January 2024. This shifts the country (as well as its special administrative regions, Hong Kong and Macau) away from absolute state immunity to restrictive state immunity, bringing it more in line with the relatively prevalent practice among the international community. This article discusses the status of state immunity in public international law, analyses the new law’s provisions and examines practical challenges that will be faced by those seeking to utilise this law to enforce judgments or awards against foreign states and state entities, and the new law’s innovations that go beyond the United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property of 2004 and the UK State Immunity Act 1978.

Mediating Disputes Involving Chinese Parties

Mediation is on the rise internationally as a means to settle disputes in a cost-effective manner. Chinese parties appear to be increasingly interested in mediation as an option. This article examines the evolving landscape of mediation in China and internationally. It considers how mediation for Chinese parties is evolving and whether mediation is a good option for Chinese parties in cross-border disputes. Commercial mediation has seen remarkable growth, bolstered by a supportive PRC judicial system and legislative initiatives encouraging parties to find harmonious ways to resolve disputes. The article analyses the three primary types of mediation in China: people’s mediation, administrative mediation, and commercial mediation. It also looks at mediation rules and proceedings in common law jurisdictions, such as Hong Kong, Singapore, and the United States. The article anecdotally considers the cultural elements, emphasising the Chinese parties’ preference for evaluative mediation styles as a reflection of civil law. Through case studies of international disputes involving Chinese and US parties, the article illustrates the practical dynamics of mediation involving Chinese parties and underscores the importance of cultural sensitivity in international mediation. As Chinese parties continue to go global, mediation is emerging as an attractive option for efficient and cost-effective dispute resolution. This analysis assesses whether the promotion of mediation is yielding tangible outcomes and explores the future of mediation involving Chinese and foreign parties.

Utilising Generative AI in Businesses: Risks and Best Practices

The rise in popularity of generative artificial intelligence (‘generative AI’) has ignited the discussion on whether junior employees can be replaced by it. Some have gone to the extent of questioning whether professionals, such as lawyers, can also be replaced by generative AI. Is it wise to replace junior employees or lawyers with generative AI? What factors should be considered before deploying generative AI tools in your business? To consider these questions, we first need to understand the basic workings of generative AI and what it can offer. Fundamentally, AI is intelligence that is not biological. The general understanding is that machines will be ascribed with this intelligence. These machines have the ability to interpret, learn from and process external data in a way that is similar to the capabilities of the human mind. Generative AI is a type of AI program that generates content from a data set. It uses deep learning, a type of machine learning system that behaves like a neural network to simulate the functions of a human brain. In other words, it can mimic human intelligence by exhibiting analytical skills to create new content. Not only can generative AI be utilised in chatbot programs to create text, but it can also be used in programs that can create images, sound or videos. This article will consider two major forms of generative AI, in the context of risks to businesses: chatbots using generative pre-trained transformer technology programs; and image generating programs.

The SEC’s tough stance on intermediary institutions: compliance and litigation risks

This article discusses the recent SEC case involving PwC and highlights the wider implications for intermediary institutions providing professional services in a tightened regulatory and enforcement regime in China’s banking and financial sector.

Alipay and the impact of e-payment systems resulting in new regulations in China and other jurisdictions - China Working Group

By Yi-An (Ann) Lai. Alipay and the impact of e-payment systems resulting in new regulations in China and other jurisdictions.

The implications of Brexit on taking African claims to the UK: the end of suing British conglomerates in London?

The idea of African group claims against UK-based corporates that have been brought to the English courts is not entirely new, but has seen a spate of claims in the last five years or so, suggesting that it is a trend that may be accelerating.

Canadian Civil Tax Disputes: Taxpayer Opportunities to Resolve Tax Issues

Civil tax disputes are primarily all about money. Occasionally, a Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms issue finds its way into the process of challenging the government’s taxpayer assessment, but it is not common. From the government’s perspective, a civil tax dispute generally involves a principled approach, applying both the language of the taxing statute and the relevant common law. More often than not, while a taxpayer seeks to comply with the law, the primary concern is how much will it cost; ‘What do I have to pay in tax, if anything?’ This dynamic sets the stage for the majority of civil tax disputes. No one needs to be told that challenging a tax dispute is an expensive, time-consuming and not entirely efficient process. In Canada, there are a few ways to resolve a tax dispute. This article provides the reader with an overview of the options to resolve Canadian tax disputes.

Avoiding gridlock: how Canada can use AI to expand and improve its hydroelectric future

The rapid evolution of artificial intelligence (AI) is affecting Canada’s energy sector. The advancement of new tools, particularly generative AI (Gen AI) resources, are forcing operators and governments to address legal gaps quickly and invest in new infrastructure across the hydroelectric industry. These changes are likely to result in significant benefits to the Canadian economy, driving billions of dollars in investment and ushering in a transformative shift in the workforce.

The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on production sharing contracts in Nigeria

This article discusses the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the Nigerian oil industry by presenting the current situation and comparing it to other states in the same region.

Can Canada revoke Elon Musk’s citizenship?

In February 2025, petition e-5353 to the Canadian parliament was opened for signature. The petition calls on the Canadian Prime Minister to revoke Elon Musk’s Canadian citizenship status. The petition reflects serious concerns Canadians have regarding our sovereignty and foreign influence in our electoral process. However, currently the Canadian Citizenship Act does not allow for revocation of citizenship on the grounds listed above.

Authenticating evidence in the age of AI

As generative AI improves, the risks associated with deepfake evidence increase. This article explores these risks and how they map onto existing and proposed evidentiary rules in Canada, ultimately concluding that – in a world where truth is increasingly less apparent – more may be needed to protect litigation’s truth-finding function.

Citizenship revocation, misrepresentation and international atrocity: Sosa Orantes expands current jurisprudence

The 2026 Federal Court decision in Minister of Citizenship and Immigration v Sosa Orantes represents one of the most significant modern applications of Canada’s citizenship-revocation framework to allegations of international atrocity crimes. This article situates Sosa within the broader landscape of Canadian revocation jurisprudence, particularly the post-war cases involving concealed Nazi affiliations. It argues that Sosa marks an evolution in how courts handle evidentiary complexity, assess international human-rights conduct in civil proceedings and reconcile the integrity of citizenship with principles of fairness. By comparing Sosa to Oberlander, Katriuk and related cases, this article demonstrates how the decision reinforces that Canadian citizenship is not immune from revocation when procured through the concealment of crimes against humanity.

Criminal inadmissibility: cannabis and impaired driving offences

Canada has legalised the use of cannabis, but at the same time has increased penalties for driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol. The new provisions have considerable impact on foreign nationals who may now be rendered criminally inadmissible to Canada.

Artificial intelligence and Canada’s immigration system

This article discusses artificial intelligence in Canadian immigration, including recent developments. It also deals with ethical considerations for automated decision-making, and the evolution of artificial intelligence regulations.

Artificial intelligence and Canada’s immigration system

This article discusses artificial intelligence in Canadian immigration, including recent developments. It also deals with ethical considerations for automated decision-making, and the evolution of artificial intelligence regulations.

Compulsory patent licensing in the era of pandemic

When a business decides whether to compete in today’s world marketplace, it must consider the extent to which its ideas and designs will be protected from misappropriation. This can be especially true when a company invests heavily in developing a remedy, vaccine, or therapy during a pandemic.

Canada’s response to Covid-19: the impact on temporary foreign workers

The Government of Canada’s extensive response to Covid-19 has had profound and immediate consequences for the administration of Canada’s immigration programmes, particularly on the temporary foreign worker programme. This article provides an overview of the measures currently in place, with a focus on how these measures affect the 100,000s of temporary foreign workers who play a critical role in Canada’s economy.

The Global Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Commercial Dispute Resolution in the First Year

While the pandemic disruption has extended for far longer than initially expected, courts (after the first wave), arbitral institutions and stakeholders in commercial dispute resolution have largely continued operations, increasingly supported by innovative digital technology, flexible scheduling and flexible cost structures, among other tools.

Corruption in Quebec’s construction industry: cleaning the Augean stable

Sharon Vogel and Emira Bouhafna provide a brief overview of Canada’s legislative regime in respect of bribery and corruption, summarise some of the key findings of the Charbonneau Commission and analyse the legislation introduced to date to implement the Charbonneau Commission’s recommendations.