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Feb 17, 2023
This article will outline the development of China’s restrictions on the cross-border transfer of personal information (PI export), detailing PI export mechanisms provided by the Personal Information Protection Law. It will also explain the practical implications of the restrictions.
Jul 08, 2025
Mediation is on the rise internationally as a means to settle disputes in a cost-effective manner. Chinese parties appear to be increasingly interested in mediation as an option. This article examines the evolving landscape of mediation in China and internationally. It considers how mediation for Chinese parties is evolving and whether mediation is a good option for Chinese parties in cross-border disputes. Commercial mediation has seen remarkable growth, bolstered by a supportive PRC judicial system and legislative initiatives encouraging parties to find harmonious ways to resolve disputes. The article analyses the three primary types of mediation in China: people’s mediation, administrative mediation, and commercial mediation. It also looks at mediation rules and proceedings in common law jurisdictions, such as Hong Kong, Singapore, and the United States. The article anecdotally considers the cultural elements, emphasising the Chinese parties’ preference for evaluative mediation styles as a reflection of civil law. Through case studies of international disputes involving Chinese and US parties, the article illustrates the practical dynamics of mediation involving Chinese parties and underscores the importance of cultural sensitivity in international mediation. As Chinese parties continue to go global, mediation is emerging as an attractive option for efficient and cost-effective dispute resolution. This analysis assesses whether the promotion of mediation is yielding tangible outcomes and explores the future of mediation involving Chinese and foreign parties.
Apr 22, 2022
This article discusses the recent SEC case involving PwC and highlights the wider implications for intermediary institutions providing professional services in a tightened regulatory and enforcement regime in China’s banking and financial sector.
Dec 04, 2025
Artificial intelligence (AI) is developing rapidly in China, with the number of patents and the size of the market both ranking highly among countries. However, this rapid development has posed new challenges to the legal framework, ethical norms and social governance, prompting China to continuously adjust and improve the relevant regulatory system.
Sep 13, 2023
In the last few years, we have experienced changes making it possible for CEOs to create sustainable business strategies in emerging markets. The question has been: how can an Oil and Gas General Counsel (GC) influence news or updated business strategies – namely when going to Angola or to Sub-Saharan Africa and create successful new joint ventures or a local supplier development model? Legal roles have transformed from a legal advisor to a business partner. There is a need to transform current business strategy.
Jun 22, 2021
The South African Competition Act 1998 has from the outset reflected a clear focus on both competition law and public interest issues, the latter including provisions to enhance small business and overcome historical discrimination wrought by apartheid. Interpretation and implementation of these provisions has developed over time, culminating in the introduction of amendments to these provisions in the Competition Amendment Act 2018, which came into force in 2019. This article reviews the applicable legislative provisions and how they have been interpreted by the competition authorities in practice and through case law, and considers whether they have been effective.
Jul 28, 2025
As globalisation accelerates, businesses are increasingly seeking to tap into diverse talent pools, thereby driving innovation and enhancing competitiveness. However, navigating the legal framework in India, including compliance with immigration laws, social security contributions and establishing a local presence, sometimes presents challenges for organisations. This article discusses strategies for overcoming these legal and cultural barriers, as we delve into strategising the business structure, evaluating compliance obligations, developing inclusive work environments, offering cross-cultural training and addressing communication challenges.
Dec 11, 2024
Japan has made significant progress in carving out a place for itself within space business, accelerated by the new initiatives undertaken by the government regarding its space policy. This has entailed recent (and upcoming) updates to the relevant legal framework in order to prepare Japanese actors for participation in new types of space-related activities, including on-orbit services, moon exploration and sub-orbital flights
This article presents the business opportunities in the Brazilian airport sector planned for the years ahead. The sixth and seventh rounds of federal airport auctions, scheduled to be held until the end of 2021, can be highlighted as the main ones. To understand the modelling of both projects, we also present a brief historical background of the sector, the agents involved in the privatisation processes, the importance of the investment partnership program, accompanied by the main economic and regulatory c
Sep 14, 2023
This article analyses Spain's progress in developing a strategy for competitiveness in aerospace matters, such as the creation of a National Space Agency to represent Spain before the international community, the speed and urgency in the incorporation procedure of the Agency, drawing up its by-laws, as well as the drafting of a Law on Outer Space Activities, along the lines of its neighboring countries. We also describe the first steps taken by the Spanish Space Agency, including the adhesion to the Artemis Accords, and the main space initiatives carried out by the private space sector in Spain.
Jun 12, 2024
The new Foreign State Immunity Law 2023 of the People’s Republic of China came into force on 1 January 2024. This shifts the country (as well as its special administrative regions, Hong Kong and Macau) away from absolute state immunity to restrictive state immunity, bringing it more in line with the relatively prevalent practice among the international community. This article discusses the status of state immunity in public international law, analyses the new law’s provisions and examines practical challenges that will be faced by those seeking to utilise this law to enforce judgments or awards against foreign states and state entities, and the new law’s innovations that go beyond the United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property of 2004 and the UK State Immunity Act 1978.
May 21, 2024
The 26th Transnational Crime Conference, which took place between 8–10 May 2024 in Milan, Italy, was a resounding success. In fact, it has become the most well-attended international criminal law conference in the IBA’s history!
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