Virtually all jurisdictions today are united in their hostility to cartels. Antitrust enforcers have arrived at a consensus that ‘hardcore’ price and output restraints must be rooted out and attacked with punitive measures. What next? This panel will address emerging approaches to the application of competition law to competitor coordination falling short of cartel activity. What are the rules and how can businesses comply? Topics to be discussed are the scope of prohibitions on ‘concerted practices’ under EU (and, soon, Australian) law, scope of ‘agreement’ under US law, contrasting approaches across jurisdictions to the legality of information exchanges and price signalling, and the nature of other ‘non-traditional’ theories of collusive or cooperative conduct