The implications of climate change for agriculture are clear, direct and significant. Likewise, agriculture, notably livestock production, is a significant contributor to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Farming is reportedly responsible for over a quarter of total GHG emissions. By contrast, the share of farming in global gross domestic product (GDP) is about four per cent, indicating that agriculture is highly GHG-intensive. Developing countries are especially vulnerable to climate change and lack capital to invest in innovative adaptations. While agricultural biotechnology remains controversial and ownership thereof rests largely with larger and capital-intensive research programmes of multinational agrichem firms, these techniques provide an especially promising set of tools that have recently produced dramatic improvements in yield and reductions in production costs and input use intensity, factors that may lead to emission reductions. Important questions addressed in this session include: international norms and standards, domestic legislation, advice provided by law firms and climate litigation – what role can innovative agricultural practices and technologies play in GHG mitigation and adaptation to climate change? What legal, policy and institutional changes would encourage the innovation and diffusion of these practices and technologies, and of climate-smart agriculture techniques in general, to developing countries?