In order to deploy FTTH and 5G quickly and in a cost-effective manner, operators increasingly rely on new business model, such as sharing access and infrastructure, co-investments & co-location models, involving PE funds, separating network and services (wholesale-only), or creating TowerCos or FiberCos. In some cases, these models also involve public entities or make use of public resources (such as capital contribution, access to dark fiber, access to public premises, EU funds, etc.).  While these new models may bring environmental and other benefits, they also impact how regulation & competition is to be applied in the telecom sector, potentially bringing regulation closer to the one applicable to other utilities such as energy and rail. These models also require more cooperation between operators, and may also involve state aids, whose broadband guidelines are also currently being reviewed . This panel will discuss  these evolutions and their impact on the application of regulation, antitrust and state aid law.