This panel takes stock of commercial and investor-state arbitration, cross-border litigation and enforcement across the region. Latin America is experiencing a genuine rise in investor-state claims, increasingly rooted in resource nationalism in the energy and mining sectors, with tribunals paying closer attention to constitutional court decisions, indigenous consultation requirements and other domestically-driven state action. Third party funding, historically concentrated in the US, UK and Australia, is now arriving in the region, meanwhile an uneven enforcement landscape — some jurisdictions are considerably more arbitration-friendly than others — remains a live practical problem for counsel structuring dispute resolution clauses.