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A Brief Discussion on the Implications, Regulation and Prospects of AI in Dispute Resolution Practice with a Focus on China

China’s Foreign State Immunity Law 2023: Implications for Enforcement of Judgments and Arbitral Awards against States and State Entities in the People’s Republic of China, Hong Kong, and Macau

The new Foreign State Immunity Law 2023 of the People’s Republic of China came into force on 1 January 2024. This shifts the country (as well as its special administrative regions, Hong Kong and Macau) away from absolute state immunity to restrictive state immunity, bringing it more in line with the relatively prevalent practice among the international community. This article discusses the status of state immunity in public international law, analyses the new law’s provisions and examines practical challenges that will be faced by those seeking to utilise this law to enforce judgments or awards against foreign states and state entities, and the new law’s innovations that go beyond the United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property of 2004 and the UK State Immunity Act 1978.

News corner: China’s new Tariff Law and implementing regulation of the Law of the PRC on the Protection of Consumer Rights and Interests

On 26 April 2024, the Chinese State Council passed the Tariff Law of the People’s Republic of China, which came into force on 1 December 2024. The new law consolidates existing rules in different documents and certain practices in one administrative law.

China’s restrictions on cross-border transfer of personal information: an update on regulatory policy and practical implications

This article will outline the development of China’s restrictions on the cross-border transfer of personal information (PI export), detailing PI export mechanisms provided by the Personal Information Protection Law. It will also explain the practical implications of the restrictions.

Utilising Generative AI in Businesses: Risks and Best Practices

The rise in popularity of generative artificial intelligence (‘generative AI’) has ignited the discussion on whether junior employees can be replaced by it. Some have gone to the extent of questioning whether professionals, such as lawyers, can also be replaced by generative AI. Is it wise to replace junior employees or lawyers with generative AI? What factors should be considered before deploying generative AI tools in your business? To consider these questions, we first need to understand the basic workings of generative AI and what it can offer. Fundamentally, AI is intelligence that is not biological. The general understanding is that machines will be ascribed with this intelligence. These machines have the ability to interpret, learn from and process external data in a way that is similar to the capabilities of the human mind. Generative AI is a type of AI program that generates content from a data set. It uses deep learning, a type of machine learning system that behaves like a neural network to simulate the functions of a human brain. In other words, it can mimic human intelligence by exhibiting analytical skills to create new content. Not only can generative AI be utilised in chatbot programs to create text, but it can also be used in programs that can create images, sound or videos. This article will consider two major forms of generative AI, in the context of risks to businesses: chatbots using generative pre-trained transformer technology programs; and image generating programs.

Alipay and the impact of e-payment systems resulting in new regulations in China and other jurisdictions - China Working Group

By Yi-An (Ann) Lai. Alipay and the impact of e-payment systems resulting in new regulations in China and other jurisdictions.

The European automotive and mobility service industry: transformation and revolution – IBA Annual Conference Paris, 2 November 2023

On the afternoon of Thursday 2 November 2023, at the IBA Annual Conference in Paris, the European Regional Forum lead the organisation of the automotive session titled ‘The European automotive and mobility service industry: transformation and revolution’. Contrary to its title the panellists came from different areas of the world, including Europe, India, Mexico and South Korea. During the session, panellists discussed issues relating to data privacy, developments concerning autonomous vehicles, the future of electric vehicles and more.

The SEC’s tough stance on intermediary institutions: compliance and litigation risks

This article discusses the recent SEC case involving PwC and highlights the wider implications for intermediary institutions providing professional services in a tightened regulatory and enforcement regime in China’s banking and financial sector.

China’s design for human rights

President Xi’s China is now a major player at the United Nations, supporting peacekeeping operations and emphasising global cooperation to protect human rights. But there are fears that China’s more active role could erode multilateral intervention and even lead to the demise of international human rights laws.

Women in power

In a year of significant elections, Global Insight examines why women are underrepresented as candidates for office in many countries.

Making Executive Compensation Less Controversial: The Rise of Pay Ratios

Developments in executive compensation have resulted in more legislation and regulations on executive pay being introduced over the past two decades than in the previous 150 years. Ever since the last financial crisis, executive compensation has remained high on the agenda of many authorities. When there are concerns about executive remuneration, legislators first of all try to find the remedy through increasing the level of transparency. Such a transparency measure, currently favoured by various countries

O Trabalho de prevenção à tortura do IBAHRI no Brasil

In spring 2018, the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) and the Anti-Torture Initiative (ATI) reached the milestone of conducting tailored programmes in all five regions of Brazil on torture prevention and implementing the Istanbul Protocol. The IBAHRI has worked in Brazil since 2010 to support the country in its commitment to eradicate torture as part of its obligations under international law

O IBAHRI exorta as profissões jurídicas no Brasil a trabalharem pela melhoria das condições prisionais

COMUNICADO À IMPRENSA: sexta-feira, 13 de janeiro de 2017. Diante das rebeliões ocorridas em presídios de Manaus e Roraima no Brasil, os quais resultaram na morte de cerca de 100 pessoas e na fuga de diversos presos, o Instituto de Direitos Humanos da International Bar Association (IBAHRI), exorta as profissões jurídicas do país a trabalharem com urgência pela melhoria das condições das prisões e pela criação de ambientes nos quais os direitos humanos dos presos e servidores do sistema prisional sejam respe

Brasil: Novo relatório da IBA mostra sub-representação de mulheres em níveis seniores em todos os setores do direito

Parte do projeto “50:50 até 2030”, o relatório examina a disparidade de gênero na profissão jurídica no Brasil.

IBA Showcase: attorney wellbeing – what it is and why it matters to the legal profession

This session examines what has led to a crisis in attorney wellbeing and launches the IBA Presidential Taskforce, which aims to help tackle the root causes. During the session, Steven Richman of Clark Hill, Deborah Enix-Ross of Debevoise & Plimpton and Sara Carnegie, Director of the IBA Legal Policy and Research Unit, posed the questions explored by the panel.

IBAHRI e ATI requerem que Brasil revogue o Decreto Presidencial que desmantela o Mecanismo Nacional de Prevenção e Combate à Tor

A Instituto de Direitos Humanos da Associação Internacional de Advogados (“IBAHRI”) e o Iniciativa Anti-tortura (“ATI”) expressam grande preocupação e condenam a decisão do Governo brasileiro de estabelecer severas limitações ao trabalho do Mecanismo Nacional de Prevenção e Combate à Tortura (“Mecanismo Nacional”). A medida representa uma perigosa redução da proteção dos indivíduos privados de liberdade.

EU Draft Regulation for Regulating AI

The European Commission has taken a step forward in its strategy aimed at achieving a trustworthy artificial intelligence (AI) environment within the European Union (EU): on 21 April 2021, the European Commission published its proposed Regulation on Artificial Intelligence (draft Regulation). This article outlines this regulation, its requirements, penalties, data governance and future projections.

The European Commission took the wrong path in its quest to find its ‘holy grail’ merger control threshold (the CJEU’s Illumina/GRAIL Judgment)

The Illumina/GRAIL Judgment blocks the European Commission’s (the ‘Commission’s) attempt to create a new power under the European Union merger law (EUMR) to de facto call-in and review any transaction it considers potentially problematic. A power that was not based on any specific provision of the EUMR but on the Commission incentivising referrals from EU Member States on the basis of Article 22 of the EUMR, regardless of the solicited Member State(s) being competent to review the transaction under their national law. The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) decided to block the Commission’s creation of such quasi-unlimited review discretion after an extensive review of the EU Merger Regulations’ travaux préparatoires, which clearly showed that legal certainty was one of the key objectives that the EU legislature sought to achieve through the adoption of the EU Merger Regulations, among others, by designing the EU Merger Regulations around a jurisdictional test based on objective, clear and predictable bright-line turnover thresholds.

Domain names- still a (very) appreciated digital asset

It has been more than 20 years since companies, organisations and individuals began to build their digital identities around a domain name. That made sense in the late 1990s, when domain names were the natural extension of well-established brands and search engines and other digital tools were not as developed as they are now.

Is it time to end the Brazilian ban on multi-voting shares?

By Bruno Robert and Lucas Carneiro Gorgulho Mendes Barros. Is it time to end the Brazilian ban on multi-voting shares? - Securities Law Committee newsletter article, March 2020.

Case Comment: European Commission Fines Guess Over Anti-Competitive Agreements to Block Cross-Border Sales (Case AT.40428–Guess)

On 17 December 2018, the European Commission (the ‘Commission’) fined clothing company Guess €39.8m for practices that were held to constitute a single and continuous infringement of Article 101 of the Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union and of Article 53 of the Agreement of the European Economic Area. Its investigation into Guess was initiated on the back of the e-commerce sector inquiry and reflects the Commission’s resolve to step up enforcement activities in support of the digital single ma

Reflections on the IBA European Regional Forum Retreat in Budapest

Arriving in Budapest, I was excited to join my first IBA European Regional Forum (ERF) retreat as a council member. Bringing together over 50 officers, council members and Advisory Board members, this was a great (and slightly daunting!) opportunity to immerse myself in the ERF and find out more about their current and upcoming projects.

Not the dawn of a new age: the EU Commission’s competition policy review

On 18 November 2021, the European Commission adopted a communication with a promising title: ‘A competition policy fit for new challenges’. The document covers all pillars of EU competition enforcement: antitrust law, merger control and state aid law. It also addresses new issues, such as the Digital Markets Act and the fight against third-country subsidies. However, although the Commission announced ‘a review of competition policy tools with unprecedented scope and ambition’, the 20-page paper does not reveal any ground-breaking new policies. Antitrust practitioners looking for a revolution might therefore be disappointed.

United States extraterritoriality: European Union sovereignty at stake

This article discusses the extraterritorial laws applied by the United States, and the European Union’s response to these laws, since the 1990s. The stakes of this dynamic are high, as extraterritorial laws put in question states’ sovereignty. The evolution of these relations is to be closely watched, as the European Union and its Member States are finding diversified and innovative ways to reaffirm their sovereignty in the face of US extraterritorial laws, even if it is has been with limited success.

The impact of armed conflicts on commercial disputes: recent developments in France

Armed conflicts generate numerous unforeseen direct and indirect consequences, such as the surge in energy prices. Such consequences disrupt the performance of commercial contracts, for instance by making it excessively onerous for one party. The recent reform of French contract law added two mechanisms to the French Civil Code which may prove relevant in such a context. Their use is however strictly framed by French courts.

Mind the third party in the gap: breach of contract, third-party liability - Litigation Committee newsletter article, April 2020

Mind the third party in the gap: breach of contract, third-party liability - Litigation Committee newsletter article, April 2020

Prevenção à tortura no Brasil - assistir vídeo

News release, Tuesday 12 November 2018. O Instituto de Direitos Humanos da International Bar Association (IBAHRI) divulgou um vídeo sobre prevenção à tortura no Brasil no qual atores interessados locais e especialistas internacionais opinam sobre o histórico da tortura no país e os desafios atuais para sua prevenção e persecução penal. O vídeo também ilustra como o trabalho do IBAHRI está contribuindo para fortalecer a capacidade de o Brasil defender seu compromisso tanto nacional como internacional com a

Governance in the Digital Economy: the Challenge of Governing Algorithms

The ‘Fourth Industrial Revolution’, as coined by Klaus Schwab, creates new governance challenges. We are immersed in a digital transformation triggered by the exponential effect of emerging technologies that are changing the world: changing the way we communicate, socialise, entertain, work, produce, and provide services. Among the exponential technologies, AI (which can be defined as a collection of technologies that combines data, algorithms, and computing power) is one of the most important applications of the data economy.

Three stress tests for the future of European antitrust policy

European antitrust policy faces three critical stress tests as the new European Commission (2024–29) takes office. The first test challenges the EU’s Article 22 referral policy, which allows the Commission to review global mergers, raising concerns about extraterritoriality and legal principles. Predicted to fail, this test questions the Brussels Effect’s sustainability. The second test examines the Digital Markets Act’s (DMA) aim for regulatory dialogue over litigation in digital competition. Early investigations against major tech firms suggest a litigation-driven enforcement, risking the DMA’s intended regulatory approach. The third test evaluates artificial intelligence (AI) regulation, balancing competition and innovation. Success is possible if the EU adopts a practical, rational approach, recognising AI’s complex layers and promoting competition across the entire AI infrastructure. These stress tests present significant challenges and necessitate strategic responses to ensure robust and effective antitrust policies in Europe.

Working hard or hardly working? Antitrust labour markets: an update from the United States

In this article, the authors trace the history, evolution and latest developments of the antitrust laws’ application to labour markets in the United States. Then, they describe common types of claims in labour markets cases, before analysing recent criminal and civil wage-fixing, no poach, and merger challenges. The authors conclude by providing actions companies should consider taking, as they seek to avoid finding themselves as a defendant in an antitrust–labour markets case.