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From 'think before you speak’ to 'think before you WhatsApp': the validity of WhatsApp and other electronic messages as evidence before Dubai courts

The current era of technology and reachable-everywhere-and-anytime lawyers imposed its rules. This wide adoption of instant messaging in some of the Middle East jurisdictions, including the UAE, has been encouraged and regularized by legislation and court decisions that afforded validity and evidentiary weight to instant messaging and electronic communications on equal footing with conventional means of communication and written documentation.

The evidentiary value of WhatsApp and SMS screenshots and ordinary emails in the Italian legal system

This paper assesses the evidentiary value of WhatsApp and SMS screenshots – and, by analogy, ordinary unsigned emails – in Italian civil litigation. Courts treat such communications as ‘mechanical reproductions’ under Article 2712 of the Italian Civil Code, giving them full probative effect unless their conformity is specifically disavowed. The paper summarises the impact of disavowal and the main routes to prove authenticity (verification proceedings, court-appointed forensic analysis, presumptions, and witness evidence), and briefly discusses their use to support applications for payment orders and, in stricter cases, provisionally enforceable injunctions.

Changes to the Competition Act – a catalyst for the Indian economy?

India is increasingly becoming a key jurisdiction for foreign investment. To keep the momentum going, the Indian government has consistently attempted to keep the business environment friendly and less burdensome. This includes: a reduction in corporate tax rates; easing the liquidity problems of non-banking financial corporations and banks; foreign direct investment policy reforms; and easing compliance norms – all with the aim of promoting ‘ease of doing business in India’. After more than a decade, India’s competition law has recently been amended, bringing about key changes that will impact businesses. The 2023 Amendments to the Indian Competition Act 2002 (the Act) introduce changes that several antitrust jurisdictions are still considering. The 2023 Amendments are a mixed bag of changes: several are business friendly – such as commitments and settlements, expedited merger review timelines and introducing a leniency-plus regime – while others aim to achieve greater regulatory oversight and stricter enforcement, such as deal value thresholds, penalties on global turnover and increased liability for hubs in ‘hub-and-spoke’ cartels. The Competition Commission of India (CCI), the body entrusted with the responsibility to nurture and maintain well-functioning markets that facilitate the growth manifested by the Indian government, must adopt a balanced approach to ensure that competition enforcement does not get in the way of ‘economic growth’ as envisaged under the Preamble of the Act. This article examines the impact of the 2023 Amendments on the Indian market. In particular, the writers examine the CCI’s approach in adopting these tools and tailor it according to the requirements of the Indian economy.

A brief introduction to China’s cash pooling regime

China’s restrictions on cross-border transfer of personal information: an update on regulatory policy and practical implications

This article will outline the development of China’s restrictions on the cross-border transfer of personal information (PI export), detailing PI export mechanisms provided by the Personal Information Protection Law. It will also explain the practical implications of the restrictions.

The importance of foreign-owned or controlled companies in India and the need for a more lucid regulatory framework to govern them

Foreign-owned or controlled companies (FOCCs) play a vital role in attracting foreign investment into India by enabling multinational corporations (MNCs) to consolidate their businesses in India, and buyout private equity funds are crucial in setting up investment platforms for making further investments in India through bolt-on merger and acquisition (M&A) activity. Yet, Indian exchange control regulations governing FOCCs continue to be riddled with ambiguity, thus creating inconsistencies and posing practical challenges, especially when structuring M&A transactions. This article sheds light on the strategic importance of FOCCs in attracting foreign investment into India and the major lacunae in India’s exchange control regulations governing FOCCs, which continue to pose challenges for investors.

Poverty, working conditions and wages: legal and reputational risks

Poverty, working conditions and wages: legal and reputational risks - Poverty and Social Development Committee, April 2020

Cross-border Provision of Information under New Chinese Data Protection Legislation

Chinese enterprises and individuals have increasingly become involved in cross-border investigations in relation to extraterritorial enforcement activities or other activities for which provision of information is required by foreign entities. However, under the Chinese legal framework – especially the new 2021 Data Security Law – cross-border provision of information has become increasingly difficult. The provision of such requested information to an entity in a foreign jurisdiction may conflict with mandatory Chinese laws. This article first provides an overview of Chinese legislative framework under the new Data Security Law, the Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL) – both promulgated in 2021 – and the Cybersecurity Law. It includes reference to the definitions of ‘important data’ under the 2017 draft recommended national standard ‘Guidelines for Cross-Border Data Transfer Security Assessments’ and of ‘personal information’ under the PIPL, and the latest consultation on cross-border data transfer security assessment under the Cross-border Data Transfer Security Assessment Measures (Draft for Comment) issued on 29 October 2021. By reference to different scenarios in which a Chinese company or individual may be required by a foreign entity to provide information to it, it then discusses the requirements for evaluating whether any approval from Chinese competent authorities is required, and discusses the criteria for evaluating how, if permissible, the information could be transferred in compliance with Chinese data protection legislation.

Terrorism and the law: Tech companies central to government response to Westminster attack

The chaos caused by what police believe was a lone man’s killing of four people near Westminster in London has once again stirred the debate on the boundaries of the law and the remit of government bodies intended to prevent terror attacks. At the centre of the debate is messenger service WhatsApp, which the attacker is thought to have used minutes before driving a car onto the busy pedestrian lane on Westminster Bridge.

Business and human rights: pressure builds towards tougher stance over alleged abuses in Xinjiang

In mid-January, Dominic Raab, the UK Foreign Secretary, warned companies they could face fines if they cannot prove that their supply chains are free of forced labour. Criticising China over mounting evidence of human rights abuses towards ethnic minorities in the Xinjiang region, Raab said the measures would send a ‘clear message’ that such violations are ‘unacceptable’.

Evolution of the role of the corporate service supplier in international tax

The role of the corporate service provider, which in several countries is also referred to as a trust office, has evolved considerably. This article will provide a detailed perspective on the corporate services sector, describing its origin, role and position in the international tax arena. As this author has operated in this sector for the last 32 years in the Netherlands and Luxembourg, the focus will be on these locations.

China's regulation of artificial intelligence – progress and challenges

Artificial intelligence (AI) is developing rapidly in China, with the number of patents and the size of the market both ranking highly among countries. However, this rapid development has posed new challenges to the legal framework, ethical norms and social governance, prompting China to continuously adjust and improve the relevant regulatory system.

Korea: gateway to Asia

IBA Global Insight Aug/Sept 2019: With Korean companies competing ever more aggressively on the world stage, and multinationals increasingly targeting the country’s affluent consumer market, law firms continue to prioritise Korea.

Digital Services Act & Digital Markets Act: Europe regulates big digital platforms

This article reviews the recent European Union regulations, namely the Digital Services Act and the Digital Markets Act which regulate digital platforms with operations in Europe, from different perspectives. Likewise, the article revises some regulatory projects in Brazil and the United States, before turning to Argentina, where the regulation of the intermediaries’ responsibility is an issue of current relevance. Due to the lack of an ex-ante regulation regarding these topics, this article goes over some of the cases treated with consumer protection regulations as well as with antitrust law and data privacy provisions.

Innovations for the development of remote justice in Nigeria

Like many countries around the world, Nigeria was forced to impose a lockdown in Lagos (Nigeria’s commercial hub) and Abuja (Nigeria’s capital city) to combat the spread of Covid-19. The government’s ban on public gatherings and interstate travel resulted in the judiciary’s suspension of court sittings from March to May 2020, except for hearings of cases that were considered urgent, essential or time-bound.

Digital surveillance’s threat to human rights

The landscape for potential human rights abuses by digital surveillance is changing as the methods used grow ever more powerful. Global Insight considers this evolution and the need for regulatory frameworks to adapt.

The off-channel communications headache

With regulators around the world stepping up their focus on off-channel communications, all businesses must ensure they’ve appropriate policies and procedures in place, as In-House Perspective reports.

Testing the power of regulators in the age of tech

Last autumn, US antitrust agencies blocked a proposed deal between two major book publishers. Global Insight examines the case in the context of the activist approach being taken by regulators, especially towards Big Tech.

Recent developments in EU antitrust enforcement against big tech

The approach currently adopted by competition authorities around the world against so-called big tech hides two main risks, namely the delay in respect of innovation processes that may cause the actions undertaken turn out to be vain and the antitrust over-enforcement. This second feature, particularly, is strictly related to the position that enforcers are prone to adopt on competition law goals, which debate has massively re-emerged in the present context

Dangerous new developments drive government action to counter fake news

The continued proliferation of disinformation online – often referred to as ‘fake news’ – has this summer led to increased scrutiny and action from governments.

Union consultation goes digital amid renewed debate over traditional principles of union recognition

Recent Italian case law decisions spanned from considering the impact of increasingly digital workplaces on trade union rights to re-examining traditional union representation and recognition principles. In two 2026 decisions the Court of Cassation clarified that digital consultation methods may satisfy statutory obligations, provided that substantive participation is preserved. Together, these rulings reflect a consistent judicial approach: procedural forms may evolve, but the core functions of representation and collective negotiation must remain intact. Running in parallel, the Constitutional Court’s October 2025 ruling on Article 19 of the Workers’ Statute reshaped the criteria for workplace union recognition by rejecting exclusive dependence on company‑level bargaining participation as the sole gateway to RSA status and grounding representation rights in objective measures of union national representativeness.

Pakistan tightens restrictions on social media giants

This article considers Pakistan’s crackdown on social media giants such as Facebook, Twitter and TikTok, and the relationship between these restrictions and the right to freedom of expression.

UK and Europe: a new hub for data breach class actions?

In this article we look at the growth of data breach class actions in the UK and Europe following the coming into force of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). We also consider regulatory activity in the data protection field and the links between investigations and recent class actions. Looking to the future we ask whether current trends are likely to continue, highlighting some powerful policy statements made by the English Court of Appeal in support of data breach class actions, and conclude with a few words on litigation funding and its role in facilitating these kinds of cases.

Recent developments in big tech regulation in India

The article examines the Competition Commission of India’s (CCI) decisional practice in cases of abuse of dominance in relation to big tech companies. The authors note that the CCI has adopted a cautious approach, and has on certain occasions expressed its reluctance in early intervention in a nascent sector. The article examines the need for the CCI to be driven by a fact-based approach in light of the jurisprudence from other mature regulators.

Human rights news from the IBA - June/July 2017

IBA Global Insight June/July 2017. Terrorism and the law: tech companies central to government response; IBA partners with UN for global anti-torture initiative; ‘Vigilant’ French law introduces duty of care for large companies

Legal and business news analysis - October/November 2018

IBA Global Insight October/November 2018 -Russian corruption: growing calls for tougher sanctions to combat ‘dirty’ money; The United Kingdom has long been recognised as a favoured destination for wealthy Russian investors, but the flow of ‘dirty money’ from Russia is tainting the country’s reputation. It is increasingly viewed as a safe haven for the Kremlin’s coffers, according to a recent report by the UK House of Commons’ Foreign Affairs Committee

From the Chairs - Maritime and Transport Law Committee newsletter article, July 2020

By Richard V. Singleton and Godofredo Mendes Vianna. From the Chairs - Maritime and Transport Law Committee newsletter article, July 2020

Online regulation marks global shift towards collective ‘duty of care’

An exponential rise in online abuse and harassment has necessitated governments to step up online regulation.

Mastering litigation in Latin America - IBA Annual Conference 2024 session report

The panel has provided attendees with insights and practical advice on navigating civil and commercial litigation in Latin American jurisdictions. The speakers offered essential guidance to help on the successful management of legal disputes in the complex landscape of Latin American law.

Digital evidence and data governance: rethinking evidentiary standards in India

This article deals with the growing reliance on digital evidence in contemporary litigation and the challenges surrounding its admissibility. It highlights the tension between the technical authenticity of electronic records and the legality of the methods used to obtain them. The article examines the need for courts to assess not only the reliability of digital evidence but also the fairness, privacy implications, and legitimacy of its collection.