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The current era of technology and reachable-everywhere-and-anytime lawyers imposed its rules. This wide adoption of instant messaging in some of the Middle East jurisdictions, including the UAE, has been encouraged and regularized by legislation and court decisions that afforded validity and evidentiary weight to instant messaging and electronic communications on equal footing with conventional means of communication and written documentation.
Biennial IBA African Regional Forum Conference: future-proofing the African legal profession
Apr 14, 2026
This paper assesses the evidentiary value of WhatsApp and SMS screenshots – and, by analogy, ordinary unsigned emails – in Italian civil litigation. Courts treat such communications as ‘mechanical reproductions’ under Article 2712 of the Italian Civil Code, giving them full probative effect unless their conformity is specifically disavowed. The paper summarises the impact of disavowal and the main routes to prove authenticity (verification proceedings, court-appointed forensic analysis, presumptions, and witness evidence), and briefly discusses their use to support applications for payment orders and, in stricter cases, provisionally enforceable injunctions.
Biennial IBA African Regional Forum Conference: future-proofing the African legal profession
Feb 17, 2023
This article will outline the development of China’s restrictions on the cross-border transfer of personal information (PI export), detailing PI export mechanisms provided by the Personal Information Protection Law. It will also explain the practical implications of the restrictions.
Biennial IBA African Regional Forum Conference: future-proofing the African legal profession
The chaos caused by what police believe was a lone man’s killing of four people near Westminster in London has once again stirred the debate on the boundaries of the law and the remit of government bodies intended to prevent terror attacks.
At the centre of the debate is messenger service WhatsApp, which the attacker is thought to have used minutes before driving a car onto the busy pedestrian lane on Westminster Bridge.
IBA Young Lawyers M&A Forum 2025
Mar 03, 2014
The crisis in Syria is putting unsustainable pressure on its neighbours – Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey. With public services swamped by refugees and local tensions rising, Global Insight reports on Lebanon, a country bearing an impossible burden.
LEO satellite constellations have the potential to provide connectivity in geographic areas which are hard to reach with fixed and terrestrial mobile infrastructure and also to provide services in jurisdictions with limited infrastructure. However, the operators of satellite constellations potentially face numerous legal challenges before they could be seen as significant competitors to terrestrial telecommunications infrastructure providers. Satellite constellations are subject to complex spectrum allocation, filing and coordination proceedings at international level and, subsequently, also to national spectrum assignment proceedings in order to become operational and enter the market. National security and cyber security risks, as well as potential requirements to comply with existing telecommunications infrastructure regulation, are also issues to be considered by LEO satellite operators and service providers.
IBA Annual Conference Paris 2023
Dec 04, 2025
Artificial intelligence (AI) is developing rapidly in China, with the number of patents and the size of the market both ranking highly among countries. However, this rapid development has posed new challenges to the legal framework, ethical norms and social governance, prompting China to continuously adjust and improve the relevant regulatory system.
20 years on from the signing of the Rome Statute, with the winding down of the UN International Criminal Tribunals and the emergence of calls for new hybrid or special criminal tribunals (eg, for ISIS, for Syria) and the proliferation of attempts to bring war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide cases before domestic courts, this panel will analyse the challenges and obstacles that criminal justice currently faces at the international level, and whether the future of international justice lies on an international, hybrid or domestic trajectory.
Biennial IBA African Regional Forum Conference: future-proofing the African legal profession
Jan 09, 2024
This article reviews the recent European Union regulations, namely the Digital Services Act and the Digital Markets Act which regulate digital platforms with operations in Europe, from different perspectives. Likewise, the article revises some regulatory projects in Brazil and the United States, before turning to Argentina, where the regulation of the intermediaries’ responsibility is an issue of current relevance. Due to the lack of an ex-ante regulation regarding these topics, this article goes over some of the cases treated with consumer protection regulations as well as with antitrust law and data privacy provisions.
Tour details
• Date: 5 June 2026
• Pick-up time and location:1630 (near Lisbon historic city centre)
• Duration: Approximately 2 hours
• Price: €35 per person (VAT included)
• Booking deadline: 26 May 2026
How to book
Please contact Tuk Guide Portugal directly:
• Email: reservas@tukguideportugal.pt
• WhatsApp: +351 919 920 000
When booking, please quote the following booking reference and also provide the details below:
• Booking reference: IBA05062026
• Full name
• Contact phone number
• Address and preferred pick-up location
The tour company will then send payment instructions directly to you.
12th Annual IBA World Life Sciences Conference
Like many countries around the world, Nigeria was forced to impose a lockdown in Lagos (Nigeria’s commercial hub) and Abuja (Nigeria’s capital city) to combat the spread of Covid-19. The government’s ban on public gatherings and interstate travel resulted in the judiciary’s suspension of court sittings from March to May 2020, except for hearings of cases that were considered urgent, essential or time-bound.
IBA Annual Conference Paris 2023
The landscape for potential human rights abuses by digital surveillance is changing as the methods used grow ever more powerful. Global Insight considers this evolution and the need for regulatory frameworks to adapt.
Dec 21, 2023
India is increasingly becoming a key jurisdiction for foreign investment. To keep the momentum going, the Indian government has consistently attempted to keep the business environment friendly and less burdensome. This includes: a reduction in corporate tax rates; easing the liquidity problems of non-banking financial corporations and banks; foreign direct investment policy reforms; and easing compliance norms – all with the aim of promoting ‘ease of doing business in India’. After more than a decade, India’s competition law has recently been amended, bringing about key changes that will impact businesses. The 2023 Amendments to the Indian Competition Act 2002 (the Act) introduce changes that several antitrust jurisdictions are still considering. The 2023 Amendments are a mixed bag of changes: several are business friendly – such as commitments and settlements, expedited merger review timelines and introducing a leniency-plus regime – while others aim to achieve greater regulatory oversight and stricter enforcement, such as deal value thresholds, penalties on global turnover and increased liability for hubs in ‘hub-and-spoke’ cartels. The Competition Commission of India (CCI), the body entrusted with the responsibility to nurture and maintain well-functioning markets that facilitate the growth manifested by the Indian government, must adopt a balanced approach to ensure that competition enforcement does not get in the way of ‘economic growth’ as envisaged under the Preamble of the Act. This article examines the impact of the 2023 Amendments on the Indian market. In particular, the writers examine the CCI’s approach in adopting these tools and tailor it according to the requirements of the Indian economy.
Aug 20, 2024
With regulators around the world stepping up their focus on off-channel communications, all businesses must ensure they’ve appropriate policies and procedures in place, as In-House Perspective reports.
Jan 23, 2023
Last autumn, US antitrust agencies blocked a proposed deal between two major book publishers. Global Insight examines the case in the context of the activist approach being taken by regulators, especially towards Big Tech.
The approach currently adopted by competition authorities around the world against so-called big tech hides two main risks, namely the delay in respect of innovation processes that may cause the actions undertaken turn out to be vain and the antitrust over-enforcement. This second feature, particularly, is strictly related to the position that enforcers are prone to adopt on competition law goals, which debate has massively re-emerged in the present context
The continued proliferation of disinformation online – often referred to as ‘fake news’ – has this summer led to increased scrutiny and action from governments.
May 04, 2026
Recent Italian case law decisions spanned from considering the impact of increasingly digital workplaces on trade union rights to re-examining traditional union representation and recognition principles. In two 2026 decisions the Court of Cassation clarified that digital consultation methods may satisfy statutory obligations, provided that substantive participation is preserved. Together, these rulings reflect a consistent judicial approach: procedural forms may evolve, but the core functions of representation and collective negotiation must remain intact. Running in parallel, the Constitutional Court’s October 2025 ruling on Article 19 of the Workers’ Statute reshaped the criteria for workplace union recognition by rejecting exclusive dependence on company‑level bargaining participation as the sole gateway to RSA status and grounding representation rights in objective measures of union national representativeness.
Jun 22, 2022
This article considers Pakistan’s crackdown on social media giants such as Facebook, Twitter and TikTok, and the relationship between these restrictions and the right to freedom of expression.
Oct 12, 2021
In this article we look at the growth of data breach class actions in the UK and Europe following the coming into force of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). We also consider regulatory activity in the data protection field and the links between investigations and recent class actions. Looking to the future we ask whether current trends are likely to continue, highlighting some powerful policy statements made by the English Court of Appeal in support of data breach class actions, and conclude with a few words on litigation funding and its role in facilitating these kinds of cases.
The article examines the Competition Commission of India’s (CCI) decisional practice in cases of abuse of dominance in relation to big tech companies. The authors note that the CCI has adopted a cautious approach, and has on certain occasions expressed its reluctance in early intervention in a nascent sector. The article examines the need for the CCI to be driven by a fact-based approach in light of the jurisprudence from other mature regulators.
IBA Global Insight June/July 2017. Terrorism and the law: tech companies central to government response; IBA partners with UN for global anti-torture initiative; ‘Vigilant’ French law introduces duty of care for large companies
IBA Global Insight October/November 2018 -Russian corruption: growing calls for tougher sanctions to combat ‘dirty’ money; The United Kingdom has long been recognised as a favoured destination for wealthy Russian investors, but the flow of ‘dirty money’ from Russia is tainting the country’s reputation. It is increasingly viewed as a safe haven for the Kremlin’s coffers, according to a recent report by the UK House of Commons’ Foreign Affairs Committee
Jul 01, 2020
By Richard V. Singleton and Godofredo Mendes Vianna. From the Chairs - Maritime and Transport Law Committee newsletter article, July 2020
Jun 16, 2021
An exponential rise in online abuse and harassment has necessitated governments to step up online regulation.
Apr 04, 2025
The panel has provided attendees with insights and practical advice on navigating civil and commercial litigation in Latin American jurisdictions. The speakers offered essential guidance to help on the successful management of legal disputes in the complex landscape of Latin American law.
Apr 14, 2026
This article deals with the growing reliance on digital evidence in contemporary litigation and the challenges surrounding its admissibility. It highlights the tension between the technical authenticity of electronic records and the legality of the methods used to obtain them. The article examines the need for courts to assess not only the reliability of digital evidence but also the fairness, privacy implications, and legitimacy of its collection.
Sep 10, 2025
A new comprehensive report from the International Bar Association (IBA) Communications Law Committee examines the ongoing global debate over who should bear the cost of internet infrastructure, expansion and maintenance. It is a controversial issue revolving around whether…
Like almost every other law firm across the globe, we have had to quickly make changes to the way that we work and make difficult decisions. At the forefront of every decision has been the wellbeing of our colleagues and the family of Harper Macleod. We have sought to create ways that we can ‘be apart together’ and ensure that we all continue to connect and socialise, even if we have to do it virtually. Here we share our journey to ensure the family of Harper Macleod continues to be as one.
Feb 26, 2024
This article reviews the latest legal updates regarding regulation and scrutiny of marketplaces and other digital platforms operations in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico from an antitrust, data privacy and consumer protection standpoint, and their relationship with recent European regulations such as the Digital Services Act (DSA) and the Digital Markets Act (DMA).
Jul 01, 2022
In 2021, Spanish Courts annulled three relevant decisions of the Spanish Competition Authority (the ‘CNMC’) based on the lack of incriminating evidence. These cases are characterised by an in-depth assessment of the evidence used by the CNMC to find an infringement and send a clear message to competition authorities in Spain to improve the quality of the reasoning and evidence behind their decisions. This article analyses these cases and the lessons that can be extracted from them for authorities and practitioners.
Jun 20, 2022
This article considers the history and fundamentals of Turkish data protection law.
IBA Global Insight February/March 2018 - Online innovation moves at a rapid pace and legislators can struggle to keep up. Global Insight examines whether competition law provides the necessary tools to keep the major players in check.
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