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China's regulation of artificial intelligence – progress and challenges

Artificial intelligence (AI) is developing rapidly in China, with the number of patents and the size of the market both ranking highly among countries. However, this rapid development has posed new challenges to the legal framework, ethical norms and social governance, prompting China to continuously adjust and improve the relevant regulatory system.

Utilising Generative AI in Businesses: Risks and Best Practices

The rise in popularity of generative artificial intelligence (‘generative AI’) has ignited the discussion on whether junior employees can be replaced by it. Some have gone to the extent of questioning whether professionals, such as lawyers, can also be replaced by generative AI. Is it wise to replace junior employees or lawyers with generative AI? What factors should be considered before deploying generative AI tools in your business? To consider these questions, we first need to understand the basic workings of generative AI and what it can offer. Fundamentally, AI is intelligence that is not biological. The general understanding is that machines will be ascribed with this intelligence. These machines have the ability to interpret, learn from and process external data in a way that is similar to the capabilities of the human mind. Generative AI is a type of AI program that generates content from a data set. It uses deep learning, a type of machine learning system that behaves like a neural network to simulate the functions of a human brain. In other words, it can mimic human intelligence by exhibiting analytical skills to create new content. Not only can generative AI be utilised in chatbot programs to create text, but it can also be used in programs that can create images, sound or videos. This article will consider two major forms of generative AI, in the context of risks to businesses: chatbots using generative pre-trained transformer technology programs; and image generating programs.

Mediating Disputes Involving Chinese Parties

Mediation is on the rise internationally as a means to settle disputes in a cost-effective manner. Chinese parties appear to be increasingly interested in mediation as an option. This article examines the evolving landscape of mediation in China and internationally. It considers how mediation for Chinese parties is evolving and whether mediation is a good option for Chinese parties in cross-border disputes. Commercial mediation has seen remarkable growth, bolstered by a supportive PRC judicial system and legislative initiatives encouraging parties to find harmonious ways to resolve disputes. The article analyses the three primary types of mediation in China: people’s mediation, administrative mediation, and commercial mediation. It also looks at mediation rules and proceedings in common law jurisdictions, such as Hong Kong, Singapore, and the United States. The article anecdotally considers the cultural elements, emphasising the Chinese parties’ preference for evaluative mediation styles as a reflection of civil law. Through case studies of international disputes involving Chinese and US parties, the article illustrates the practical dynamics of mediation involving Chinese parties and underscores the importance of cultural sensitivity in international mediation. As Chinese parties continue to go global, mediation is emerging as an attractive option for efficient and cost-effective dispute resolution. This analysis assesses whether the promotion of mediation is yielding tangible outcomes and explores the future of mediation involving Chinese and foreign parties.

A Brief Discussion on the Implications, Regulation and Prospects of AI in Dispute Resolution Practice with a Focus on China

The SEC’s tough stance on intermediary institutions: compliance and litigation risks

This article discusses the recent SEC case involving PwC and highlights the wider implications for intermediary institutions providing professional services in a tightened regulatory and enforcement regime in China’s banking and financial sector.

Alipay and the impact of e-payment systems resulting in new regulations in China and other jurisdictions - China Working Group

By Yi-An (Ann) Lai. Alipay and the impact of e-payment systems resulting in new regulations in China and other jurisdictions.

Taiwan: IBA report on gender disparity in law shows women are underrepresented in senior roles

The latest research by the International Bar Association (IBA) Legal Policy & Research Unit (LPRU) into gender disparity in the law across the world is focused on Taiwan. The findings reveal that women are underrepresented at the top of the profession in…

Bullying and Sexual Harassment in the Legal Profession

The IBA's LPRU has published a report on the nature and prevalence of bullying and sexual harassment in the legal profession around the world, based on the findings of its extensive 2018 survey on the subject. It offers both observations and recommendations for action. The IBA hopes that the report will encourage law firms to revisit their policies and training for responding to and preventing bullying and harassment.

China’s Foreign State Immunity Law 2023: Implications for Enforcement of Judgments and Arbitral Awards against States and State Entities in the People’s Republic of China, Hong Kong, and Macau

The new Foreign State Immunity Law 2023 of the People’s Republic of China came into force on 1 January 2024. This shifts the country (as well as its special administrative regions, Hong Kong and Macau) away from absolute state immunity to restrictive state immunity, bringing it more in line with the relatively prevalent practice among the international community. This article discusses the status of state immunity in public international law, analyses the new law’s provisions and examines practical challenges that will be faced by those seeking to utilise this law to enforce judgments or awards against foreign states and state entities, and the new law’s innovations that go beyond the United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property of 2004 and the UK State Immunity Act 1978.

China’s restrictions on cross-border transfer of personal information: an update on regulatory policy and practical implications

This article will outline the development of China’s restrictions on the cross-border transfer of personal information (PI export), detailing PI export mechanisms provided by the Personal Information Protection Law. It will also explain the practical implications of the restrictions.

Myanmar: coup jeopardises prospect of accountability for crimes against Rohingya

Early on 1 February, hours before the first session of the newly elected parliament, Myanmar’s military arrested government officials and lawmakers, and seized control of the country. Citing election fraud, the generals ended the country’s experiment with democracy and declared a year-long state of emergency.

The legal negotiation of corporate governance in corporate finance transactions in France

Negotiating the governance rules that are applicable post-closing in a corporate finance transaction is crucial – whether the transaction is a round of funding, an leveraged buyout operation or even an acquisition. This article assesses the process of doing so in France.

French Administrative Supreme Court decision on tax regime for BSPCEs and implications for employees and directors of French startups

In early February, the French Administrative Supreme Court issued a favourable ruling regarding the tax regime for BSPCEs (bons de souscription de parts de créateur d'entreprise), a particular type of stock option. This article describes the case leading to this ruling and the implications.

France unveils a new tax regime for management packages: a long-awaited clarification

France’s 2025 Finance Bill introduces a new legal framework, codified under Article 163 bis H of the French General Tax Code, applicable from 15 February 2025. This reform aims to provide clarity by creating a dedicated regime for gains realised on securities acquired or granted in consideration for salaried or management functions (whether by the issuing company, its subsidiaries or the parent entity).

France’s draft Finance Bill for 2025 - balancing fiscal justice and economic growth

As France faces significant economic challenges characterised by mounting public debt and a record-high deficit, the draft Finance Bill for 2025 is currently being discussed before the French Parliament. The Bill seeks to reduce the public deficit from seven per cent to five per cent of gross domestic product through a €19bn revenue increase, introducing new taxes targeted at high-income individuals and large corporations. The legislative process is complicated by a hung parliament and social crises. Despite the government’s efforts to address all the issues at stake, ongoing political instability raises questions about the efficacy and stability of France’s economic policies.

Creating and implementing a diversity and inclusion strategy for the law firm – IBA Annual Conference Paris, 31 October 2023

In this session, Antonia Verna and Pavla Prikrylova presented the European Regional Forum Diversity & Inclusion Working Party with the Diversity and Inclusion Toolkit for Lawyers. The Toolkit was developed by the International Bar Association (IBA) to provide law firms with an action plan to embed the core principles of diversity and inclusion into their organisations.

Report from the IBA Automotive and Mobility Services Conference

We were happy to see 110 participants in Munich on 27 March, in the unique location of Upside East for a day of discussions concerning the very challenging times that the automotive industry is now facing. Attendees had a chance to ease into the conference at the welcome cocktail which took place the evening before and it was good to see many familiar faces showing that the conference is becoming a familiar item on the IBA calendar.

IBA European Fashion and Luxury Law Conference 2025: London edition sets the stage for industry innovation

The International Bar Association’s (IBA) European Regional Forum brought the global fashion and luxury law community together in London for the 2025 edition of its highly anticipated European Fashion and Luxury Law Conference. Held on 15–16 May at the iconic OXO2 venue, the event drew over 100 attendees, including leading legal professionals, in-house counsel and industry experts, all eager to explore the latest legal and commercial trends shaping the fashion and luxury sectors. This article provides an overview of the conference.