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The 28th issue of the International Bar Association’s Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) Covid-19 Human Rights Monitor includes increased calls to domestic violence hotlines during the pandemic, displaced refugees and violence against peaceful protestors.
The proliferation of class action regimes around the world has created significant risks for defendants who increasingly face parallel mass litigation or class action suits in a growing number of jurisdictions. How are these regimes developing in an antitrust context - are they opt in or opt out? What approach are the courts taking in terms of evidence and disclosure? Which regimes seem to be ”claimant friendly”. For parties and legal practitioners involved in cross-border class actions, how can an effective antitrust class action strategy be developed to handle concurrent lawsuits in different jurisdictions? What insights can be gained to preserve the defense of a case in one jurisdiction without compromising positions in others?
IBA Annual Conference Paris 2023
The 22nd edition of the IBAHRI Covid Monitor includes coverage of the United Nations General Assembly resolution encouraging international cooperation, measures to combat rape in Liberia, LGBTQI+ rights in Southern Africa, Tajikistan and Iraq, effects of the fire at Moria refugee camp in Lesbos, reports of dangerous medical practices at an Immigration and Customs Enforcement facility in the US, homelessness and Covid-19 in the Middle East, Germany and Chile, and furlough schemes and disability.
The role of the courts in arbitration: an Asia Pacific perspective
The latest issue of the Monitor covers topics including Covid-19 outbreaks in refugee camps, prisons and detention centres. Also: the lasting impact of the pandemic on individuals with disabilities and on children without access to education.
At last, a flurry in appointments of female leaders at many of the world’s largest law firms has occurred. This reached cruising speed as from 2020 and has not stopped since. It should not stop!
This showcase will consist in a conversation between some of those top female leaders, the IBA female leadership and a leadership expert from a INSEAD business school.
The dialogue will address the qualities that such leaders bring to the management table and what firms can do to keep the positive vibe from female leadership once they have moved on and have been succeeded by other, male colleagues?
Female Leadership Excellence in Law Firms: coincidence or here to stay?
Based on research involving 64.000 people in 13 countries, John Gerzema and Michael D'Antonio identified that there is a shift in the types of leadership traits that are associated with success, morality and happiness.
The old masculine traits of aggression control, conflict and command are rapidly losing ground to behaviour, that is considered more feminine, like: selflessness, empathy, collaboration, flexibility and patience. Both male and female respondents in all researched countries expressed that this is the type of leadership which they consider most suitable for the rapidly changing and unpredictable world we live in. The researchers named this type of leadership: “The Athena Doctrine” (see TEDX Talk).
While these traits can be found both in men and women, it is clear that the Athena Doctrine particularly offers a great opportunity for women to soar in top positions. This session will discuss the following questions:
- How does the Athena doctrine translate to leadership in law firms?
- How do the leaders we have at the session relate to the Athena Doctrine?
- What particular features do they trust that they are bringing to the table?
IBA Annual Conference Paris 2023
On 15 January 2020 the Austrian Supreme Court considered whether a final arbitral award on its merits violated Austrian public policy (Case: OGH 18 OCg 9/19a). The underlying arbitration was conducted under the rules of the Vienna International Arbitral Centre (VIAC) with seat in Vienna.
Buses will be leaving the JW Marriott at 18:45. Return transport from the JW Marriott will be provided.
17th Annual Bar Leaders' Conference
Aug 11, 2022
Eighteen months after Myanmar’s military seized control and arrested then-leader Aung San Suu Kyi, alongside other members of the democratically-elected National Unity Government (NUG), the international community grapples with how to treat the country. As things stand, there’s no sign of an end to the junta’s bloody and contentious rule.
Meeting in the hotel lobby for bus departure at 18:15. Buses depart at 18:30.
All registered delegates and speakers registered to attend the full conference are welcome to attend.
3rd Annual IBA Asset Recovery Conference
This article focuses on a ruling of the Court of Justice of the European Union concerning the competence of the Independent Supervisory Authorities to determine of airport charges. Through analysis of the ruling in question and identification of the peculiarities of the Italian system, this article provides an overview of the main legal barriers to the implementation of Directive 2009/12 on airport charges.
Apr 22, 2022
This article discusses the recent SEC case involving PwC and highlights the wider implications for intermediary institutions providing professional services in a tightened regulatory and enforcement regime in China’s banking and financial sector.
Feb 17, 2023
This article will outline the development of China’s restrictions on the cross-border transfer of personal information (PI export), detailing PI export mechanisms provided by the Personal Information Protection Law. It will also explain the practical implications of the restrictions.
May 09, 2023
One of the most important challenges after the signature of the peace process in Colombia with the FARC guerilla (the ‘Peace Process’) is how the government, and the society as a whole, can assure ex-guerrilla members that they will be able to reintegrate effectively into a digital driven society where information about their past, and about the crimes they committed, is just one click away.

Sep 27, 2023
The rise in popularity of generative artificial intelligence (‘generative AI’) has ignited the discussion on whether junior employees can be replaced by it. Some have gone to the extent of questioning whether professionals, such as lawyers, can also be replaced by generative AI. Is it wise to replace junior employees or lawyers with generative AI? What factors should be considered before deploying generative AI tools in your business? To consider these questions, we first need to understand the basic workings of generative AI and what it can offer. Fundamentally, AI is intelligence that is not biological. The general understanding is that machines will be ascribed with this intelligence. These machines have the ability to interpret, learn from and process external data in a way that is similar to the capabilities of the human mind. Generative AI is a type of AI program that generates content from a data set. It uses deep learning, a type of machine learning system that behaves like a neural network to simulate the functions of a human brain. In other words, it can mimic human intelligence by exhibiting analytical skills to create new content. Not only can generative AI be utilised in chatbot programs to create text, but it can also be used in programs that can create images, sound or videos. This article will consider two major forms of generative AI, in the context of risks to businesses: chatbots using generative pre-trained transformer technology programs; and image generating programs.
Jun 12, 2024
The new Foreign State Immunity Law 2023 of the People’s Republic of China came into force on 1 January 2024. This shifts the country (as well as its special administrative regions, Hong Kong and Macau) away from absolute state immunity to restrictive state immunity, bringing it more in line with the relatively prevalent practice among the international community. This article discusses the status of state immunity in public international law, analyses the new law’s provisions and examines practical challenges that will be faced by those seeking to utilise this law to enforce judgments or awards against foreign states and state entities, and the new law’s innovations that go beyond the United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property of 2004 and the UK State Immunity Act 1978.
Apr 20, 2022
This article outlines the eligibility requirements and types of approvals made under Ontario’s Immigrant Nominee Program.
Navigating ESG challenges in AI
18. EU Digital Services Act
19. Utilising AI in M&A deals
20.
7th Mergers and Acquisitions in the Technology Sector Conference

Feb 05, 2025
The Illumina/GRAIL Judgment blocks the European Commission’s (the ‘Commission’s) attempt to create a new power under the European Union merger law (EUMR) to de facto call-in and review any transaction it considers potentially problematic. A power that was not based on any specific provision of the EUMR but on the Commission incentivising referrals from EU Member States on the basis of Article 22 of the EUMR, regardless of the solicited Member State(s) being competent to review the transaction under their national law. The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) decided to block the Commission’s creation of such quasi-unlimited review discretion after an extensive review of the EU Merger Regulations’ travaux préparatoires, which clearly showed that legal certainty was one of the key objectives that the EU legislature sought to achieve through the adoption of the EU Merger Regulations, among others, by designing the EU Merger Regulations around a jurisdictional test based on objective, clear and predictable bright-line turnover thresholds.
Mind the third party in the gap: breach of contract, third-party liability - Litigation Committee newsletter article, April 2020
There will be coaches departing the hotel at 18:30 to go to the dinner and then staggered returning coaches at 22:30, 23:15 and 12:00.
3rd Annual IBA Asset Recovery Conference
Jul 01, 2022
On 18 November 2021, the European Commission adopted a communication with a promising title: ‘A competition policy fit for new challenges’. The document covers all pillars of EU competition enforcement: antitrust law, merger control and state aid law. It also addresses new issues, such as the Digital Markets Act and the fight against third-country subsidies. However, although the Commission announced ‘a review of competition policy tools with unprecedented scope and ambition’, the 20-page paper does not reveal any ground-breaking new policies. Antitrust practitioners looking for a revolution might therefore be disappointed.
By Bruno Robert and Lucas Carneiro Gorgulho Mendes Barros. Is it time to end the Brazilian ban on multi-voting shares? - Securities Law Committee newsletter article, March 2020.
Regulation of tech related M&A transactions (including notification duties, investment protection, AI aspects)
18. Startup acquisitions
19. W&I latest developments
20.
8th Mergers and Acquisitions in the Technology Sector Conference
On 17 December 2018, the European Commission (the ‘Commission’) fined clothing company Guess €39.8m for practices that were held to constitute a single and continuous infringement of Article 101 of the Treaty of the Functioning of the European Union and of Article 53 of the Agreement of the European Economic Area. Its investigation into Guess was initiated on the back of the e-commerce sector inquiry and reflects the Commission’s resolve to step up enforcement activities in support of the digital single ma

Aug 05, 2024
European antitrust policy faces three critical stress tests as the new European Commission (2024–29) takes office. The first test challenges the EU’s Article 22 referral policy, which allows the Commission to review global mergers, raising concerns about extraterritoriality and legal principles. Predicted to fail, this test questions the Brussels Effect’s sustainability. The second test examines the Digital Markets Act’s (DMA) aim for regulatory dialogue over litigation in digital competition. Early investigations against major tech firms suggest a litigation-driven enforcement, risking the DMA’s intended regulatory approach. The third test evaluates artificial intelligence (AI) regulation, balancing competition and innovation. Success is possible if the EU adopts a practical, rational approach, recognising AI’s complex layers and promoting competition across the entire AI infrastructure. These stress tests present significant challenges and necessitate strategic responses to ensure robust and effective antitrust policies in Europe.
Elizabeth Morley
Rajesh Sreenivasan
Media Law Committee
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18. Hot topics in Space Law
Sustainability of space activities – current and future.
IBA Annual Conference Mexico City 2024
A Instituto de Direitos Humanos da Associação Internacional de Advogados (“IBAHRI”) e o Iniciativa Anti-tortura (“ATI”) expressam grande preocupação e condenam a decisão do Governo brasileiro de estabelecer severas limitações ao trabalho do Mecanismo Nacional de Prevenção e Combate à Tortura (“Mecanismo Nacional”). A medida representa uma perigosa redução da proteção dos indivíduos privados de liberdade.
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
IBA Annual Conference Copenhagen 2026
Brazil is currently focused on privatising state-controlled entities. While this may present great investment opportunities, given Brazil’s issues with corruption, it carries a considerable amount of risk. This article establishes practices and precautions to uphold investors’ interests in cases of corruption, fraud or mismanagement. In doing so, it will endeavour to compare the US and Brazil’s statutes of limitation rules, proceeding with a practical analysis of civil actions for damages filed by investo
In an era of relentless innovation and disruption, are lawyers keeping pace with the rest of the world, or do they need to create purple cows? In this essay, submitted as part of the IBA Senior Lawyers’ and Young Lawyers’ Committee Scholarship, Stella Loong discusses what the legal profession can learn from Fintechs.
This article discusses the extraterritorial laws applied by the United States, and the European Union’s response to these laws, since the 1990s. The stakes of this dynamic are high, as extraterritorial laws put in question states’ sovereignty. The evolution of these relations is to be closely watched, as the European Union and its Member States are finding diversified and innovative ways to reaffirm their sovereignty in the face of US extraterritorial laws, even if it is has been with limited success.
Aug 05, 2024
In this article, the authors trace the history, evolution and latest developments of the antitrust laws’ application to labour markets in the United States. Then, they describe common types of claims in labour markets cases, before analysing recent criminal and civil wage-fixing, no poach, and merger challenges. The authors conclude by providing actions companies should consider taking, as they seek to avoid finding themselves as a defendant in an antitrust–labour markets case.
On 8 December 2017, the European Commission decided that the International Skating Union’s (ISU) Eligibility Rules breached EU competition law. The rules provided that an athlete could be sanctioned for participating in an event not authorised by the ISU. The Commission thus examined whether the rules unlawfully restrict competition under Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) by establishing a pre-authorisation procedure for third-party organisers and imposing sanctions
Apr 04, 2024
Armed conflicts generate numerous unforeseen direct and indirect consequences, such as the surge in energy prices. Such consequences disrupt the performance of commercial contracts, for instance by making it excessively onerous for one party. The recent reform of French contract law added two mechanisms to the French Civil Code which may prove relevant in such a context. Their use is however strictly framed by French courts.
Presented by the Intellectual Property and Entertainment Law Committee, Arts, Cultural Institutions and Heritage Law Committee, Space Law Committee, Media Law Committee, Technology law Committee and Communications Law Committee.
This very dynamic and well-attended session enables you to select from a menu of hot topics in the IP, communications, media and technology sectors and participate in roundtable discussions.
Topics of current interest are selected to stimulate a lively debate. Moderators on each table introduce the table topic and the participants do the rest. Background knowledge or experience within areas for discussion is not required. Our menu will include hot and 'late breaking' topics in the areas of intellectual property law, internet law and mobile technologies, privacy and data protection, technology contracting and dispute resolution, arts law and space law.
Discussion is usually around the interface of law, business and technology, with a global focus. Many topics for discussion are often the subject of considerable public and media interest. In participating in the table topics you will gain a deeper insight into these areas and be able to add your own comments.
The format is interactive networking. The session will provide you with a great opportunity to meet many other lawyers and to discuss topics of mutual interest with them: don't forget your business cards, ecards and contact details to share. We welcome new participants in these discussions.
The following topics will be discussed during the session, with the help of the respective moderators identified for each topic:
1. Hot topics in Privacy and Data Protection
- Processing of underage’s personal data
- Internal investigations conducted by private companies
- Cross-border data transfers
- Cooperation with investigations/criminal procedures initiated by public authorities
- Data Protection Laws - Scope / Exemptions
- Multiple sanctions due to the simultaneous violation of a data protection law and other laws (e.g. consumers; antitrust)
- Overview about sanctions and fines
2. Contracts for Clouds: what’s in the standard terms and what can you negotiate?
- What’s in a typical cloud contract?
- How do AWS, Google, and Microsoft deal with issues like choice of law and forum, liability, service levels, termination, and more?
- Are standard cloud contracts evolving?
- When can customers negotiate with cloud providers?
3. Geospatial Data management – an opportunity for growth
Geospatial information is vital for national development, policy and decision-making, programs and projects, and to achieve sustainable social, environmental and economic development. The main strength of geospatial information is that it provides the integrative platform for all digital data that has a location dimension to it. Collaborative information systems that are comprehensive, coordinated, and integrated, underpinned by geospatial information technologies and applications, are providing the evidence on where people interact with their place, events and activities. With rapid digital transformation of society and economy, issues, challenges and opportunities related to the acquisition, availability, accessibility and application of geospatial information, are common and experienced across various levels of society, government and economy. The need for sound and enabling policy and legal frameworks on geospatial information management to address these issues has become more critical as the acquisition and application of geospatial data become increasingly innovative and creative arising from new and emerging technologies, devices and solutions.
Since 2017, the UN-GGIM Working Group on Policy and Legal Frameworks for Geospatial Information Management, has been actively developing mechanisms to address the complex issues related to geospatial information, including custodianship, authority and authoritative data, open data, personal data, data privacy and confidentiality, data licensing, data security and geospatial data for public good. We will explain how the acquisition, availability, accessibility, and application of geospatial information can be addressed, through a wide array of tools and resources developed with the collaboration of the IBA.
4. 5G Delivery structures
The roll out of 5G will entail large investments for mobile carriers, not just in their having to bid for spectrum allocation but mainly for infrastructure and hardware investments. The high cell density required for the operation of 5G networks also magnifies these concerns. In the wake of fierce market competition and declining revenues per customer, carriers have been innovating how they are approaching 5G infrastructure investments, including for example, entering into infrastructure and services sharing arrangements, along with developing solutions to improve and secure their radio access networks. Join us as we discuss the challenges faced by mobile carriers and novel approaches taken by them in response.
5. Can Legal Tech create increased revenues for law firms?
What are the pitfalls? Best practices from around the globe.
6. Regulating Internet and platforms around the world
Since Apple and Meta (aka Facebook) displaced legacy enterprises and Alphabet (aka Google) declared its victory against Yahoo, regulators waited for the day digital markets would correct themselves. In the meantime, they also had greenlighted some acquisitions and seemed to have regretted clearing some in hindsight. The wait is over, though: regulators recently changed the tack, and competition policy is poised to favour increased interventions towards big tech. Although killer acquisitions and new ex ante competition tools to address the sources of big tech's market power and overcome the barriers to entry are at the centre of the heated discussions, they all come down to fostering innovation. In recent years, regulators have taken bold steps and expanded the scope of innovation theories of harm to justify interventions. Yet there are serious questions concerning whether competition authorities could genuinely grasp the nature of competition in digital markets and, if so, whether they have the foresight to predict the level of innovation in counterfactuals without compromising evidence-based enforcement. This table will get to the bottom of these questions by analysing the sources of innovation in high-tech markets: is big always bad?
7. 2022 Technology and IP Disputes Update
This topic would allow for discussion of the major cases involving technology and IP disputes in different countries including identification of trends in technology disputes and dispute resolution processes.
8. AdTech, Tracking, Cookies and Pixels – thoughts on where things are heading
Tracking devices (whether cookies, pixels or whatever) have been under scrutiny from regulators around the world. In this session we will be looking at the comparative approaches in Latin America, Europe and the US.
9. Patent Litigation Funding – Support to Patent Owners or Patent Troll in Sheep’s Clothing
Table will discuss the growing use of Litigation Funding in IP related litigation matters. Discussion will include experiences with funders and cases supported by them. The group will also explore whether funding provides access to the courts for those without means to enforce their valuable rights or whether it encourages frivolous filings that would not have otherwise been filed or few settlements in the hopes of large returns.
10. The copyright protection over “concept stores” and/or format The idea to attract the customer’s attention using the environment in which the purchasing processes are generated has been spreading over the last years. It does not refer only to the way in which products are presented but also to the general appearance and mood of the shop and to the impact that it has on customers. In this scenario, concept stores are becoming increasingly popular in retail but retailers have had varying degrees of success in protecting the format or layout of their stores. This topic will explore how different jurisdictions and different IP laws can protect concept stores and will consider a hypothetical scenario based on a recent Italian Court of Appeal decision. Participants are encouraged to share their views and experiences from their own jurisdictions in an open discussion about the practicalities of using IP laws to protect the layout of a store, the shape or configuration of different display elements, or the overall look and feel of a concept store.
11. The impact of the Digital Services Act (on intellectual property rights and technology)
The DSA will seek to set standards for accountability in the digital marketplace. Much uncertainty remains about what the practical consequences of the DSA are for e-commerce, and how the balance of interests will play out IP owners see the DSA as a step forward, that gives e-commerce platforms greater responsibility. They believe that although it could have been more ambitious, it is an improvement on the status quo. The tech industry is globally satisfied, insofar as the DSA incorporates the principle that digital service providers are immune from liability for the unlawful content they host, provided they were not aware it was unlawful or acted promptly to remove or to block access to it once made aware. However, this principle is clarified in the DSA, which adds new prohibitions and highly restrictive obligations.
This table topic will be a good opportunity for anticipating and discussing these consequences.
12. Underutilized procedural methods for getting patents allowed in the U.S. and Europe and India
In recent years the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) has introduced procedural programs and reforms that are designed to expedite, simplify or improve examination for applicants. In similar fashion to the USPTO, the European Patent Office and Indian Patent Office have procedural programs that can be used as alternatives to normal patent examination. These programs, when used properly, can help applicants achieve faster favourable outcomes.
13. We are Running Out of Trademarks – Combatting this Problem with New Forms of Trademark Protection
Discussion on how brand owners are protecting their valuable trademark rights when it seems that all trademark options have been exhausted. How do you advise clients and their marketing teams when every mark they consider is unavailable?
Are more Non-Traditional Trademarks (NTMs) – a valuable addition
14. This table will have two rotating topics
a. Space Arbitration
- Available dispute resolution mechanisms (Claims Commission under the Liability Convention; ITU; ESA; national courts; international arbitration)
- The advantages of arbitration
- Need for promotion of the sector-specific arbitration rules
- Arbitration clauses in coordination agreements to ensure arbitrability of violations
- Need for dispute resolution mechanisms for disputes relating to physical collisions
b. Space Debris
Space Debris: the problem – crowding of earth orbit and growth of satellite numbers, formation of debris and the need to solve the problem - ESA and UN solutions
Impact on the long-term use of space.
15. This table will have two rotating topics
a. Fair Use
The development of fair use in the visual arts.
From Tintin to Hopper; The Andy Warhol Estate’s appeal against photographer Lynn Goldsmith, the mandatory inclusion of “Pastiche” as an exception to infringement in the EU Directive (EU) 2019/790 on copyright in the Digital Single Market and more.
b. Antiquities / Foreign State
The second topic concerns the impact of the litigation and now appeal of Turkey’s lawsuit against Christie’s and collector Michael Steinhardt over the so-called “Stargazer” figurine. This lawsuit tests the boundaries of sovereign actors asserting cultural property rights outside their borders but in the civil litigation context.
16. "Fake News!" or Free Speech?
Whether QAnon or Sputnik news, vaccine scaremongering or hate speech, everyone is concerned about the spread misinformation and disinformation online. Are there circumstances where restrictions on speech or bans on specific speakers can be justified? Can such restrictions be reconciled with national or international human rights regimes? Who gets to decide what is fake or real? Members of the Media Law Committee look forward to exploring these topics with you.
IBA Annual Conference Miami 2022
Aviation has been one of the most affected business sectors since Covid-19 started spreading around the world. The initial response of most countries to this pandemic has been to close their borders and restrict travel. Consequently, global air traffic dropped by 73.7 per cent in April 2020, compared to the previous year.
Jurisdictions around the world are seeking to reshape or control the impact of the major tech and social media platforms. In this session, we will examine two regulatory trends and how they may change internet and society. First, there is growing concern about the role and power of algorithms to amplify or minimise content in ways that affect individuals' beliefs, opportunities, and wellbeing. What would it mean to regulate algorithms? Would that entail costs to freedom of expression? What regulatory efforts are underway and how could they reshape the digital landscape? Second, many jurisdictions have moved to force digital platforms like Google and Facebook to compensate news organisations for the use of their content. Why are platforms being asked to compensate news organisations? How have the platforms responded? And what impact will such efforts have?
IBA Annual Conference Miami 2022
The majority of the new European Union (EU) Prospectus Regulation will become applicable in July 2019. As part of the wider Capital Markets Union initiative, the new Prospectus Regulation aims to reduce costs for issuers in accessing European capital markets, facilitate cross-border investments in the EU and to build a framework resulting in EU-wide risk-sharing.
This very dynamic and well-attended session enables you to select from a menu of hot topics in intellectual property, communication, media and technology sectors and participate in roundtable discussions. Topics of current interest are selected to stimulate a lively debate. Moderators on each table introduce the table topic and the participants do the rest. Background knowledge or experience within areas for discussion is not required. Our menu will include hot and "late-breaking" topics in the areas of intellectual property law, internet law and mobile technology, privacy and data protection, technology contracting and dispute resolution, arts law, media and space law. Discussion is usually around the interface of law, business, technology and culture, with a global focus. Many topics for discussion are often the subject of considerable public and media interest. In participating in the table topics, you will gain a deeper insight into these areas and be able to add your own comments. The format of the session is interactive networking. It will provide you with a great opportunity to meet many other lawyers and to discuss topics of mutual interest with them: please, do not forget your business cards and e-cards.
1. Moral rights
‘Who’s afraid of droit moral?' Paris might be the birthplace of the moral rights of the author enjoying copyright protection but the concept is worldwide and enshrined in the Berne Convention. In some anglo-saxon jurisdictions a complete waiver of moral rights is sought. The panel will discuss the effect of such waivers, with specific focus on contracts in the entertainment and software industry.
2. Distinct politics – politicians using music, names signs and logos
Political parties and politicians also need to distinguish themselves by using names, signs, music and slogans, the panel will address how the IP law and public policies ruling the political campaigns are coherent or increases the chances of conflicts of laws and whether or not the actual conflicts could be solved?
3. Generative AI
Generative AI systems pose intriguing questions to society and law. According to ChatGPT the current legal issues “include intellectual property rights, liability for AI-generated content, data privacy and security, transparency and explainability of AI systems, and ethical considerations such as bias and discrimination. Additionally, there are ongoing discussions around whether AI-generated works should be eligible for copyright protection and who should be held responsible for any potential harm caused by AI systems.” At the round table these topics, and especially copyright, data privacy and (product) liability, will be discussed.
4. Emerging technologies and AI in healthcare and life sciences – IP, legal and ethical consequences
To discuss the legal, IP, regulatory and ethical implications and consequences arising out of the use of generative AI tools in the healthcare and life sciences areas. Generative AI is evolving rapidly with the release of ChatGPT, Bard, Claude, etc. As exciting as this technology sounds in terms of the endless opportunities, it poses a number of challenges, especially in the area of medicine, healthcare, life sciences and ownership of IP rights. This roundtable proposes to discuss all these aspects and more.
5. The Importance of IP in the protection of traditional Knowledge and cultural expressions
Traditional knowledge (TK) refers to the accumulated knowledge, innovations, and practices developed and preserved by indigenous communities and local cultures over generations.
Traditional cultural expressions (TCEs) are the manifestations of traditional knowledge, folklore, and cultural heritage that are deeply rooted in the cultural and social identities of indigenous communities and traditional societies.
Genetic Resources instead refers to material found in plants, animals, and microorganisms that possess genetic information of potential value.
This session will focus on the intersection between Intellectual Property (IP), Traditional Knowledge, and Traditional Cultural Expressions (TCEs) Participants are invited to share and exchange views on these issues including the protection of traditional medicine, appellations of origin, geographical indications and collective marks.
6. AI and the law: navigating the legal landscape of artificial intelligence with a media focus
There are several legal issues that arise from the use of artificial intelligence (AI), including:
- Liability: One of the main legal issues with AI is who is responsible if an AI system causes harm. Should it be the designer or developer of the AI system, the owner of the system, or the user of the system?
- Intellectual Property: AI can create new inventions and works of art that may raise questions about who owns the intellectual property rights. For example, who owns the copyright to a song written by an AI system?
- Privacy: AI systems can collect and process vast amounts of personal data, which raises questions about data protection and privacy.
- Discrimination: There is a risk that AI systems can reinforce existing biases and discrimination in society. This raises questions about how to ensure that AI is developed and used in a fair and non-discriminatory manner.
- Regulation: The rapid pace of technological change in the AI field means that existing regulations may not be adequate. This raises questions about how to regulate AI in a way that promotes innovation while also protecting public safety and other important values.
7. Recent developments in space law
- On tourism in space.
- Ethics in space.
- Debris mitigation.
Special areas:
- Dispute resolution.
- Arbitration for space law.
- Space areas for dispute – ideas of solving them.
8. Copying anterior art work(s)
- Comment on the Warhol US Supreme court ruling and other jurisdictions rules.
What is a fake in art (and law)?
- A new law is currently discussed in France and other jurisdictions rules.
9. Open banking
At the crossroads of technology and financial regulation, open banking promises to change the way we interact with money, helping consumers gain better control and financial freedom through more flexible financial services powered by technological innovation.
Open banking, as a set of technologies, provides a method for an authorized party (like a fintech) to access a customer’s financial information (like its bank account) in the same way that the authorizing customer can, whether it is by looking at the information, or initiating payments on behalf of the customer.
The way in which countries have dealt with the regulatory challenges of this fast-changing environment is vastly different, and the success of any legal design over another to support the growth of this market while fostering financial inclusion and protecting consumers privacy is still yet to be determined.
This roundtable seeks to discuss:
- What is open banking.
- Regulatory driven and industry driven approaches to open banking.
- Evolution from open banking to open finance to open data.
- New capabilities of APIs, beyond payments.
- Points to consider when advising FinTech companies in the open banking sector.
- Privacy challenges on the implementation of an open banking environment.
10. Learning to be lawful: Understanding Competition Law in an Algorithmic Era
Implications of algorithms in terms of competition liability and the use of more advanced (i.e. machine learning) algorithms have been heavily debated since the publication of the final report on the E-commerce sector inquiry in May 2017 in the EU. Although the topic has been popular among scholars, there have been a scarcity of case law since then. However it seems that competition authorities have started picking up on harms to competition (and consumers) arising from algorithmic systems again. For example, in the paper that was published in 2021, the Competition Market Authority (UK) (CMA) reminded that they will 'monitor developments in the application of machine learning … to ensure that they do not lead to anti-competitive behaviour or consumer detriment' as part of the new ex-ante regime for digital markets. Recently the Korea Fair Trade Commission (KFTC) also decided that the technology platforms, Naver and Kakao, engaged in an unlawful algorithm manipulation. In these cases the KFTC have also tested their abilities to detect and prove anticompetitive effects of algorithms.
Some of the issues we propose to discuss:
- The role of algorithms in anti-competitive practices (e.g. algorithmic collusion, exclusionary practices) and the main legal questions they pose for practitioners (e.g. liability).
- The reasons of why there have been only a few cases on anticompetitive use of algorithms and whether KFTC's decisions can potentially turn the tide.
- Advising clients on mitigation of risk associated with the use of algorithms.
11. AI and data privacy / sports and e-sports data
This round table would look at the treatment of personal data in the context of sports and e-sports, focussing on Project Red Card and claims that data companies are using players' personal data without the right to do so. Speakers from the UK and one other jurisdiction (possibly North American) will outline arguments for and against the rights of players – and the interests of data, betting and gaming and e-sports companies. With sports data at the core of huge business valuations, might data rights (rather than IP rights in databases) be the next battlefield?
Advising clients on mitigation of risk associated with the use of algorithms.
12. Auditing AI - How to address the risks of bias and discrimination in your AI tools
As AI becomes more sophisticated, companies are increasingly relying on it to power everything from enterprise systems to marketing campaigns. However, several companies have been burned by AI products that have been released into the public and later demonstrated bias or discriminatory results (who remembers Microsoft’s Twitter chatbot?). In addition to the potential for legal liability, AI bias can also result in brand and reputational damage. To stay ahead of these issues, companies should be implementing programs to audit the use of AI in their tools. In this roundtable, we will discuss the regulations and guidelines we can leverage to create frameworks for auditing AI, the key stakeholders who should have a role in the process, and the checkpoints and checklists that companies are leveraging to help their teams understand how to identify and address these risks.
13. Global tech legal showdown
This session will look at the trends in global technology disputes with regional expert commentary into current litigation in UK, EU, US, Australia and Asia (Latam could also be included). The session will also provide some useful legal and practical insights for non-litigators –commercial tech lawyers on how to minimize the risk of their tech agreements being subjected to regulatory or court scrutiny.
14. Transactions in the Metaverse
- Same as in a “traditional” Internet environment?
- How to best protect “ownership”.
- Use of NFTs.
Participant to the roundtable may expect to get a better understanding of the differences between transactions in the Metaverse and traditional transactions, including under the legal, operational and commercial angles. Also, the question of forum shopping is of a renewed acute nature, since transactions in the Metaverse are likely to see various Courts, in various countries, rule that they have jurisdiction over these cases, which is likely to lead to new difficulties. Participants will discuss how to tackle these aspects, after having also laid out the various use cases of NFTs.
By engaging with experts and discussing these issues with other participants, they will be able to identify potential solutions to these challenges and gain a better understanding of how to navigate them. Overall, the roundtable provides an opportunity for participants to deepen their knowledge of the metaverse and NFTs from a legal and operational perspective, learn about best practices, and network with other professionals in the field.
15. Digital market act and digital service act: a blueprint for global digital regulation
This table will discuss new EU legislation that has been adopted, and that is still in proposal stage, as part of the EU Digital Single Market and Digital Decade strategies, with an emphasis not only on risks but also opportunities, and the challenges presented to in-house lawyers. Laws discussed would include the DSA, DMA and AI Act, but also lesser-known laws like the Platform Work Directive and the proposals regarding product liability.
16. Low Earth orbit satellite services to rule the world?
LEO satellite constellations have the potential to provide connectivity in geographic areas which are hard to reach with fixed and terrestrial mobile infrastructure and also to provide services in jurisdictions with limited infrastructure. However, the operators of satellite constellations potentially face numerous legal challenges before they could be seen as significant competitors to terrestrial telecommunications infrastructure providers. Satellite constellations are subject to complex spectrum allocation, filing and coordination proceedings at international level and, subsequently, also to national spectrum assignment proceedings in order to become operational and enter the market. National security and cyber security risks, as well as potential requirements to comply with existing telecommunications infrastructure regulation, are also issues to be considered by LEO satellite operators and service providers.
IBA Annual Conference Paris 2023
Aug 02, 2021
The ‘Fourth Industrial Revolution’, as coined by Klaus Schwab, creates new governance challenges. We are immersed in a digital transformation triggered by the exponential effect of emerging technologies that are changing the world: changing the way we communicate, socialise, entertain, work, produce, and provide services. Among the exponential technologies, AI (which can be defined as a collection of technologies that combines data, algorithms, and computing power) is one of the most important applications of the data economy.
In a time marked by unprecedented advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), organisations are increasingly harnessing its power into their operations to drive innovation and gain competitive advantages. At the same time, the responsible use of AI is essential to ensuring that its obvious benefits do not come at the expense of fairness, privacy or collective well-being, and ensuring that regulatory requirements are met.
This panel will explore the role of governance (regulatory challenges and creation of acceptable use policies) in guiding organisations’ AI strategies, promoting fair AI practices and mitigating potential regulatory risks and challenges. The panel will also address some of the different approaches to regulation being adopted internationally.
Discussion areas will include:
• Regulations governing AI: challenges that businesses may face with assessing and complying with regulatory frameworks around their use of AI programs.
• Ethical, practical and legal considerations on AI use in organisations: algorithm bias, privacy, confidentiality, impact on employment and how to address these challenges through an acceptable use policy (AUP).
• The importance of employee training in promoting responsible AI use and putting into practice an AUP.
• AI risk assessments.
• Intellectual property (IP) in generative AI.
IBA Annual Conference Mexico City 2024
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